A different sequencing method that chemically cleaved DNA at specific bases, developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, was the dominant technology into the 1980s. Radiolabeled DNA samples were incubated in four separate reactions, each of which contained a chemical that cleaved after a different nucleotide — either A/G, G, C, or C/T. By adding the right amount of each chemical, it was possible to produce different fragments chopped off at each individual base. The sequence could then be read using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Maxam–Gilbert sequencing was easier than the plus and minus method to run and interpret, but was eventually surpassed by Sanger’s chain termination method, which molecular biologists found both technically preferable and more “elegant” since it mirrored the natural copying of DNA.
Ruling retains boundaries for 2026 elections despite state court ruling it was unfair to Black and Hispanic residents
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Incremental upgradeLast year, the MacBook Air M4 standardized the minimum starting RAM at 16GB, and that stays the same this year, bringing the MacBook Air a little closer to the Pro in terms of hardware and capabilities. It also features the same 18-hour battery life and comes in the same colorways: Silver, Sky Blue, Starlight, and Midnight.